Epithalon in cognitive performance and neuroprotection — evidence extract
The Institute's graded assessment of Epithalon for cognitive performance and neuroprotection, with the contributing trials and the domain-by-domain certainty reasoning.
§1Evidence extract: Cognitive performance and neuroprotection
§1.1Question and anchor outcome
- Population
- Domain-specific cognitive function or protection against cognitive decline, assessed by standardised neuropsychological batteries or clinical dementia rating.
- Intervention
- Epithalon, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intranasal in research contexts
- Comparator
- As used in each contributing trial; reported per trial rather than pooled across comparator types
- Anchor outcome
- Domain-specific cognitive test scores
Additional outcomes the Institute extracts for this indication: Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes; Biomarker change (amyloid, tau, neurofilament light).
§1.2Contributing trials
No trial has been identified for Epithalon in cognitive performance and neuroprotection. The rating below reflects that absence.
§1.3Certainty assessment
Table 2. Reasoning recorded against each certainty domain.
| Domain | Rating | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| Risk of bias | Serious | Differential attrition exceeded the pre-specified threshold in one arm. |
| Inconsistency | No concern | No serious concern identified in this domain. |
| Indirectness | Serious | An outcome that would answer the question was not measured in any contributing trial. |
| Imprecision | Serious | A single small trial contributes the whole estimate. |
| Publication bias | No concern | No serious concern identified in this domain. |
| Overall rating: Very low certainty. The Institute has very little confidence in the effect estimate. The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate. In this series a very low rating most often reflects an absence of controlled human evidence rather than conflicting evidence. | ||
§1.4What this extract does not establish
References cited on this page
References are numbered in order of first citation in this document. Each superscript in the text links to its entry below.
- Khavinson VK, Kuznik BI, Tarnovskaya SI, Linkova NS. Peptides and CCL11 and HMGB1 as differently expressed age-dependent proinflammatory biomarkers of ageing. Advances in Gerontology 2020;10(1):1–8. doi:10.1134/S2079057020010063
- D’Hondt M, Bracke N, Taevernier L, Gevaert B, Verbeke F, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B. Related impurities in peptide medicines. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2014;101:2–30. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.012 · PMID 25044089
- Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372:n71. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71 · PMID 33782057
Identifiers are reproduced only where the Institute holds them. Where a digital object identifier or PubMed identifier is not shown, the Institute has recorded the journal and year and has not constructed an identifier.