Trial abstract · §3
FLOW — results
Primary endpoint, absolute and relative effect where derivable, and harms as reported.
§3Results
§3.1Primary endpoint
Table 3. Primary endpoint as reported.
| Endpoint | Result as reported | Certainty |
|---|---|---|
| Time to first occurrence of a composite kidney outcome: onset of persistent 50 % or greater reduction in eGFR, persistent eGFR below 15 mL/min/1.73 m², initiation of kidney replacement therapy, or death from kidney or cardiovascular causes | Hazard ratio 0.76 (95 % CI 0.66 to 0.88); annual eGFR slope difference 1.16 mL/min/1.73 m² per year | High |
| Reproduced from the published report. Where the report states a confidence interval the Institute reproduces it; where it does not, none is constructed. | ||
§3.2Endpoint hierarchy
Table 4. Relative and absolute effect. The Institute reports both, because a relative measure without a baseline risk cannot be acted on and systematically overstates benefit in lower-risk populations.
| Measure | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio as reported | 0.76 | Reproduced from the published report. |
| Comparator event rate, % | 11.1 | Illustrative. A rate typical of the enrolled risk profile, used to convert the relative measure. Not a published figure. |
| Absolute risk difference, pp | 2.66 | Illustrative. Computed from the two rows above. |
| Number needed to treat | 38 | Illustrative. For the stated duration, at the comparator rate assumed above. Rises sharply as baseline risk falls. |
| Three of the four rows are Institute constructions and are marked. Only the hazard ratio is a published figure. | ||
§3.3Harms as reported
Table 5. Adverse events for Semaglutide from the safety tables the Institute holds for this compound. Where a row names a different trial as its source, the figure is from that trial and not from this one.
| Event | Active, % | Comparator, % | Source trial |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nausea | 44.2 | 17.4 | STEP 1 (68 weeks, 2.4 mg) |
| Diarrhoea | 31.5 | 15.9 | STEP 1 |
| Vomiting | 24.8 | 6.6 | STEP 1 |
| Constipation | 23.4 | 9.5 | STEP 1 |
| Dyspepsia | 9.6 | 3.9 | STEP 1 |
| Abdominal pain | 10.0 | 5.6 | STEP 1 |
| Cholelithiasis | 2.6 | 1.2 | STEP 1 |
| Acute pancreatitis | 0.2 | 0.1 | SELECT (mean 39.8 months) |
Compound Evidence Institute · CEI-TR-0011/3 · https://compoundevidence.com/trials/flow/results/ · retrieved 30 July 2026