Immune modulation and adjunctive immunotherapy — evidence across compounds
Every compound the Institute assesses in immune modulation and adjunctive immunotherapy, with its certainty rating.
§2Evidence across compounds
Every compound the Institute assesses in this indication, with the effect as recorded, the certainty rating and the contributing trials. Effects are reported on the anchor outcome where the contributing trials measured it and on the outcome the trial actually reported where they did not.
Table 1. Compounds assessed in immune modulation and adjunctive immunotherapy, ordered by certainty.
| Compound | Effect as recorded | Interval as reported | Certainty | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thymosin alpha-128-residue N-acetylated thymic polypeptide | Meta-analyses of hepatitis B trials report higher sustained virological response with thymosin alpha-1 as monotherapy or adjunct; a large Chinese randomised trial in sepsis reported a mortality difference that a subsequent larger trial did not confirm | hepatitis B: pooled odds ratio approximately 1.7 (95 % CI 1.1 to 2.7) across small trials; sepsis: discordant results | Moderate | 4 |
| EpithalonSynthetic tetrapeptide | No assessable evidence identified | — | Very low | 0 |
| GlutathioneEndogenous tripeptide thiol antioxidant | No assessable randomised evidence for immune outcomes | — | Very low | 0 |
| LL-3737-residue cationic antimicrobial host-defence peptide | No randomised human evidence for systemic immune effects | — | Very low | 0 |
| ThymalinThymic peptide extract of undefined composition | Russian clinical reports describe immunological and clinical effects across a wide range of conditions | not extractable to the Institute's standard | Very low | 1 |
| Estimates in this table are not on a common scale and must not be subtracted from one another. Where a comparison between two compounds has been made directly, it appears in a synthesis and not here. | ||||
§2.1Syntheses bearing on this indication
- Nationally registered neuropeptides and the retrievability of their evidence base — Very low
- Thymic peptides in infection and immune support — Low
- Thymosin alpha-1 in immune modulation and adjunctive immunotherapy: effect on the anchor outcome — Moderate
- Thymosin alpha-1 in immune modulation and adjunctive immunotherapy: tolerability and discontinuation — Moderate
- Thymosin alpha-1 in immune modulation and adjunctive immunotherapy: durability of effect — Moderate
References cited on this page
References are numbered in order of first citation in this document. Each superscript in the text links to its entry below.
- Garaci E, Pica F, Serafino A, Balestrieri E, Matteucci C, Moroni G, Sorrentino R, Zonfrillo M, Pierimarchi P, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P. Thymosin α1 and cancer: action on immune effector and tumor target cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2007;1112:225–234. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.025 · PMID 17567944
- D’Hondt M, Bracke N, Taevernier L, Gevaert B, Verbeke F, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B. Related impurities in peptide medicines. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2014;101:2–30. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.012 · PMID 25044089
Identifiers are reproduced only where the Institute holds them. Where a digital object identifier or PubMed identifier is not shown, the Institute has recorded the journal and year and has not constructed an identifier.